Many people associate farming with fresh air and a healthy, robust environment in which to work and live. However, much of the air that farmers breathe can be contaminated with particulate matter or toxic gases that can be lethal. Continued exposure to some of these contaminants can lead to a Farmers Lung condition.
Farmer’s Lung is an allergy related disease usually caused by breathing in the dust from moldy hay. However, dust from any moldy crop-straw, corn, silage, grain, or even tobacco-can also cause Farmer’s Lung. Other potential sources of dust particles include, grain handling, feed handling and processing, and livestock confinement systems.
HOW DOES FARMER’S LUNG AFFECT THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?
The disease causes shortness of breath and a feeling of general illness, either in a sudden attack or as a slow, progressive disease. When people with Farmer’s Lung can avoid breathing in dust from moldy crops or feed, they seldom have further problems. On the other hand, lengthy exposure can cause permanent lung damage, physical disability, or even death.
Usually, people with Farmer’s Lung do not associate their health problem with exposure to moldy hay. Instead, they go to their doctor complaining of breathing problems. It is important to recognize the danger of working with moldy crops and to be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of Farmer’s Lung. This enables people with symptoms to get medical help before it becomes a serious illness.
WHAT CAUSES FARMER’S LUNG?
Mold spores which microorganisms, which grow in baled hay, stored grain, produce or silage with a high moisture content (30 percent) are main causes of Farmer’s Lung. They become active when temperatures reach 70 degrees Fahrenheit in poorly ventilated areas.
Farmers most often suffer from this disease in winter and early spring when stored hay or grain is used to feed livestock and the molds have had time to develop in closed storage areas. The disease is most common in regions with wet weather at harvest time. Farmer’s Lung is also more common on dairy farms, especially those not equipped with automated equipment for handling hay or feed.
Heavy concentrations of mold spores appear as a dry, white or gray powder in grain or forage. When the feed is moved, billions of these microscopic sized particles become airborne and attach themselves to dust. These particles pass through the body’s natural filtering mechanisms (nose, hair, and throat mucous) and accumulate in the lungs where they can cause an allergic type of pneumonia. Repeated attacks can lead to scarring of lung tissue, which impairs its function. Such tissue damage is permanent.
Farmers Lung symptoms usually reoccur, and a person can become sensitized to the mold. This means it usually takes less exposure for a severe reaction with each succeeding incident. The symptoms of Farmers Lung are often striking, yet the disease goes unrecognized by many victims and misdiagnosed by physicians not familiar with farm health hazards. Victims and doctors alike often confuse Farmers Lung with asthma attacks, pneumonia, or flu because the symptoms are similar.
WHO IS AT RISK OF DEVELOPING FARMER’S LUNG?
Farmer’s Lung is a risk for adults who breathe dust from moldy hay or other moldy crops. For reasons not completely understood, children rarely develop Farmer’s Lung. The degree of risk depends on the amount of dust that has collected in the person’s lungs.
There is little danger working with loose hay in an open field. However, the risk increases when farmers or farm workers are breaking open bales of moldy hay or straw inside closed barns or cow sheds. A person can inhale an extremely large amount of dust within a very short time while working indoors. Other people exposed to dust from moldy hay; straw or grain include grain handlers, stable
employees, poultry workers, and pet shop workers.
HOW CAN YOU TELL IF YOU HAVE FARMER’S LUNG?
The signs and symptoms of Farmer’s Lung vary tremendously. At one extreme, there are the symptoms associated with a sudden attack; at the other extreme, there are the symptoms associated with a slow progressive illness. The allergic response of the afflicted person depends on the sensitivity of the individual and the amount of moldy dust entering the lungs. There are three different types of allergic responses: acute or intense attack, sub-acute or low-level response, and chronic or long-term response.
ACUTE FARMER’S LUNG
Acute Farmer’s Lung is easy to notice and occurs in about one in three cases. It starts as an intense attack about 4 to 8 hours after the person breathes in a large amount of dust from moldy crops. These are some of the signs and symptoms:
- shortness of breath
- a dry irritating cough
- a sudden general feeling of sickness
- fever and chills
- a rapid heart rate
- rapid breathing.
If the person avoids further exposure to moldy dust, the signs and symptoms usually decrease after l2 hours, but they can last up to two weeks. Serious attacks can last as long as 12 weeks. The symptoms are sometimes confused with pneumonia.
SUB-ACUTE FARMER’S LUNG
Sub-acute Farmer’s Lung is more common than acute Farmer’s Lung but it is less intense and more difficult to notice. It develops slowly, responding to continual exposure to small amounts of moldy dust. The signs and symptoms include:
- Coughing
- shortness of breath, a mild fever and occasional chills
- a general feeling of sickness
- aches and pains in the muscles and joints
- a loss of appetite and loss of weight.
People who are sensitive to dust from moldy crops continue to exhibit these signs and symptoms as long as they are exposed to the dust. This condition sometimes resembles a “chest cold” that lingers throughout the winter. Some people lose weight over several weeks.
CHRONIC FARMER’S LUNG
Chronic Farmer’s Lung develops after several acute attacks over a period of years. It afflicts people who have been continually exposed to large amounts of moldy dust. Sometimes, the illness lasts several months and is marked by increasing shortness of breath, an occasional mild fever, and often, a significant loss in weight and a general lack of energy. The symptoms are accompanied by permanent lung damage and gradually worsen as exposure to moldy dust continues.
