The outlook for aquaculture in this country is bright. Health-conscious consumers are increasing their consumption of fish and shellfish, and ocean fish catches are declining and are subject to contamination scares. Thus, there is an increased demand for farm raised fish.
Southern states have a long growing season and other resources that have contributed to the establishment of large catfish, baitfish and crawfish aquaculture industries. While prospects for fish farming in the South in general are very good, the potential for individual success varies widely.
This publication is designed to help individuals interested in aquaculture gain a better understanding of the challenges involved in establishing a successful fish farm. Although most information here applies to traditional freshwater aquaculture,
readers interested in marine culture systems and specialty type aquaculture will be able to glean useful information. A glossary, included at the end, defines many industry terms.
Is fish farming for you?
Operating a fish farm is similar to operating a cattle feedlot. Closely packed and heavily fed fish must be watched closely to detect problems early before they turn into disasters. This is difficult because fish cannot be readily seen.
New fish farmers may feel like they are working blindfolded and without sleep until they become comfortable using water quality test equipment, water color changes and feeding response as their ÒeyesÓ to detect early warnings of problems. Nighttime work is done throughout the warm months and includes checking dissolved oxygen levels and running aeration equipment as needed.
As with any other business, finding and keeping good help also is a challenge. Workers must be capable of making the right decisions when the farmer/manager is unavailable. Also, finding and developing good markets for the product takes considerable time and energy. A good fish farmer works to earn and maintain the trust of buyers while continuing to search for new marketing opportunities.
Even with good management practices, fish farmers can still face disasters. Unusually hot, cold or cloudy weather can stress fish and bring on disease. Fish can be affected by off-flavor problems that make them unmarketable for weeks or months.
Flooding and the resultant loss of fish plague many fish farms. High feed prices and low fish prices can lead to economic losses even in years when production is good. Because fish farming overlaps with public issues such as wildlife conservation, food safety and water quality, a fish farmer must be ready to endure a gauntlet of regulations and permitting procedures.
Fish-eating birds are protected by federal law and can be killed in limited number only after obtaining a permit or written permission. Approved drugs and treatments for fish diseases are in short supply.
Many states have or are drafting laws to control water withdrawal and discharges from fish farms.
Regulations requiring water conservation and reuse for crop irrigation are likely to become increasingly common for aquaculture in the future. However, in spite of the problems, established fish farmers enjoy a great way of life.
Their work and lifestyle are rewarding experiences. Fish farmers enjoy a deep sense of pride and satisfaction as they watch their fish feeding, growing and finally being harvested.
Author:
Marley Beem
